References

The United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) is a subsidiary, intergovernmental body of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) which serves as a focal point within the United Nations Economic and Social Council for trade facilitation recommendations and electronic business standards. It has global membership and its members are experts from intergovernmental organizations, individual countries' authorities and also from the business community. UN/CEFACT and its predecessor have developed such instruments as:

• The UN Layout Key for Trade Documents, which is the foundation for the EU's Single Administrative Document (SAD)
• UN/EDIFACT, the international standard for electronic data interchange
• numerous trade facilitation recommendations
• the Core Component Library, containing syntax-neutral and technology-independent building blocks that can be used for data modeling
• XML schemas providing a series of coherent, consistent and normalised syntax solutions that are aligned with domain reference models for publication. Participation in UN/CEFACT activities requires nomination by UN/CEFACT heads of delegation.

More details on its work programme, outputs and participation can be found at: http://www.unece.org/cefact.html

The World Customs Organization (WCO), established in 1952 as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC) is an independent intergovernmental body whose mission is to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of Customs administrations.

The WCO represents 183 Customs administrations across the globe that collectively process approximately 98% of world trade. As the global centre of Customs expertise, the WCO is the only international organization with competence in Customs matters and can rightly call itself the voice of the international Customs community.

Among different WCO working bodies, the Permanent Technical Committee (PTC) discusses and shares information on international standards and best practices for Customs procedures. The PTC is particularly focused on trade facilitation-related activities. For example, the Data Model Project Team of the Information Management Sub-Committee under the PTC maintains the WCO Data Model, which is a set of carefully combined data requirements that are mutually supportive and are updated on a regular basis to meet the procedural and legal needs of cross-border regulatory agencies such as, but not limited to, Customs, that control export, import and transit transactions.

Representation at the WCO working bodies are made by member customs administrations of WCO. More details on its work programme, outputs and participation can be found at: http://www.wcoomd.org/

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Joint Technical Committee (JTC 1) for information technology, is a consensus-based, voluntary international standards group. Over 2000 experts from 163 countries develop mutually beneficial guidelines that enhance global trade while protecting intellectual property.

JTC 1 is committed to developing, maintaining, promoting and facilitating information technology (IT) standards required by global markets meeting business and user requirements. The standards apply to the following areas:

• Design and development of IT systems and tools
• Performance and quality of IT products and systems
• Security of IT systems and information
• Portability of application programs
• Interoperability of IT products and systems
• Unified tools and environments
• Harmonized IT vocabulary
• User friendly and ergonomically designed user interfaces

ISO/IEC JTC 1 members are National Bodies, which include representatives from producers, governmental and public agencies, academia, businesses and other users. The diversity ensures a broad-based, open and balanced representation in the standards development process, which also considers societal aspects of the standards.

More details on its work programme, outputs and participation can be found at: https://jtc1info.org/

As one of technical committee (TC) of International Organization for Standardization (ISO), TC 154 works in the area of processes, data elements and documents in commerce, industry and administration. It is the vision of ISO/TC 154 that all parties in the supply and value chain use standardized data exchange to reduce cost in managing the processes in the private and public domain and to foster trade facilitation.

The mission of ISO/TC 154 is both to undertake and to facilitate the development and maintenance of international standards for electronic business in the supply and value chain. These standards cover data exchange regardless of the media used. Wherever possible, ISO/TC 154 fosters harmonisation between and within international standards development organizations, particularly through the Memorandum of Understanding between the International Electrotechnical Commission, the International Organization for Standardization, the International Telecommunication Union and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concerning standardization in the field of electronic business.

Work scope of the ISO TC 154 is international standardization and registration of business, and administration processes and supporting data used for information interchange between and within individual organizations and support for standardization activities in the field of industrial data, including:

1. Development and maintenance of application specific meta standards for:
   • process specification (in the absence of development by other technical committees);
   • data specification with content;
   • forms-layout (paper / electronic).
2. Development and maintenance of standards for:
   • process identification (in the absence of development by other technical committees);
   • data identification.
   • Maintenance of the EDIFACT-Syntax.

As one of ISO technical committee, its membership is represented by ISO national bodies. More details on its work programme, outputs and participation can be found at: https://www.isotc154.org/

As one of non-profit standards bodies in the world, OASIS offers projects—including open source projects—a path to standardization and de jure approval for reference in international policy and procurement. OASIS was founded under the name "SGML Open" in 1993. It began as a consortium of vendors and users devoted to developing guidelines for interoperability among products that support the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). The consortium changed its name to "OASIS" (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards) in 1998 to reflect an expanded scope of technical work.

OASIS has a broad technical agenda encompassing cybersecurity, blockchain, privacy, cryptography, cloud computing, IoT, urban mobility, emergency management, content technologies. Some of the most widely adopted OASIS Standards include AMQP, CAP, CMIS, DITA, DocBook, KMIP, MQTT, OpenC2, OpenDocument, PKCS, SAML, STIX, TAXII, TOSCA, UBL, and XLIFF. Many of these have gone on to be published as ISO, IEC, or ITU standards.

Participation in development of standards in the OASIS Open requires membership. More details on its work programme, outputs and participation can be found at: https://www.oasis-open.org/